Locus of IKK activation in the localized cases. (B) No difference in the MedChemExpress Daclatasvir (dihydrochloride) oscillation pattern is seen by the change in the locus or localization of IKK activation. Thick gray line is the oscillation in control conditions. Thin yellow and blue lines, which overlap RO5190591 perfectly, are in the middle and right panel in A, respectively. Inset shows the homogeneous distribution of IKK in cytoplasm. (TIF) Figure S5 Reactions for IKK, IkBs, NF-kB, and their complexes in the A-Cell temporal model. All possible interactions shown in Figure 1A were modeled and drawn by ACell as shown in the groups, “Cytoplasm” for formation of IKKIkB-NF-kB complexes, degradation of IkBs, and generation of IkBs-free NF-kB, “Membrane_in” for nuclear localization of freed NF-kB and IkBs, and “IkBa-transcription” for NF-kB transcription of IkBa mRNA, “Protein_synthesis” for IkBs protein synthesis, “Nucleus” for formation of IkB-NF-kB complexes, “Membrane_out” for nuclear export of IkB-NF-kB complex, NFkB, and IkBs. “Transcription” contains basal transcription of IkBs and their degradation. The reaction parameters are indicated in Table S1 for temporal model and Table S2 for 3D model. (TIF) Table S1 Parameters for the temporal model.(PDF)Table S2 Parameters for the 3D model.(PDF)Video SOscillation of nuclear and cytoplasmic NF-kB during simulation period of 10 hrs. in control conditions. Left, middle, and right movies show oscillations in the whole cell, cytoplasm, and nucleus, respectively. Anti-parallel oscillation between cytoplasm and nucleus is clearly seen in the movie. Virtually no spatial heterogeneity can be seen. (MP4)AcknowledgmentsSimulations in this work were partially performed on the super-computing resource provided by Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical 18055761 Science, The University of Tokyo.scription of IkB genes at the center of the nucleus. There is no difference in the oscillation pattern between the control (thick gray line) and transcription at the center of a nucleus (thin red line). (TIF)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KI JI. Performed the experiments: DO KI. Analyzed the data: KI DO JI. Wrote the paper: KI DO.
Protein function and activity depends on their structure and stability. Protein structure and stability are affected by various factors, such as the specific cellular environment or binding to particular ligands. For instance, some proteins need the presence of specific metals or small-molecule or protein ligands to get sufficiently stabilised to perform their biological function. Binding proteins may induce structure in proteins that lack structure in isolation such as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Various powerful assays probe structure and stability of proteins. In vitro methods using purified protein include spectroscopic methods such as Circular Dichroism for secondary structure analysis, intrinsic fluorescence for tertiary structure analysis and NMR for residue-specific information. Thermal methods such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) quantitatively determine protein stability and interactions by monitoring changes of enthalpy and entropy. Several strategies probe biophysical parameters in vivo or ex vivo, such as in vivo folding sensors using fluorescent proteins or fluorescent small-molecule tags or ex vivo pulse proteolysis [1?]. Inspired by the versatility of proteolysis as a label-free method, we aimed at developing a fast.Locus of IKK activation in the localized cases. (B) No difference in the oscillation pattern is seen by the change in the locus or localization of IKK activation. Thick gray line is the oscillation in control conditions. Thin yellow and blue lines, which overlap perfectly, are in the middle and right panel in A, respectively. Inset shows the homogeneous distribution of IKK in cytoplasm. (TIF) Figure S5 Reactions for IKK, IkBs, NF-kB, and their complexes in the A-Cell temporal model. All possible interactions shown in Figure 1A were modeled and drawn by ACell as shown in the groups, “Cytoplasm” for formation of IKKIkB-NF-kB complexes, degradation of IkBs, and generation of IkBs-free NF-kB, “Membrane_in” for nuclear localization of freed NF-kB and IkBs, and “IkBa-transcription” for NF-kB transcription of IkBa mRNA, “Protein_synthesis” for IkBs protein synthesis, “Nucleus” for formation of IkB-NF-kB complexes, “Membrane_out” for nuclear export of IkB-NF-kB complex, NFkB, and IkBs. “Transcription” contains basal transcription of IkBs and their degradation. The reaction parameters are indicated in Table S1 for temporal model and Table S2 for 3D model. (TIF) Table S1 Parameters for the temporal model.(PDF)Table S2 Parameters for the 3D model.(PDF)Video SOscillation of nuclear and cytoplasmic NF-kB during simulation period of 10 hrs. in control conditions. Left, middle, and right movies show oscillations in the whole cell, cytoplasm, and nucleus, respectively. Anti-parallel oscillation between cytoplasm and nucleus is clearly seen in the movie. Virtually no spatial heterogeneity can be seen. (MP4)AcknowledgmentsSimulations in this work were partially performed on the super-computing resource provided by Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical 18055761 Science, The University of Tokyo.scription of IkB genes at the center of the nucleus. There is no difference in the oscillation pattern between the control (thick gray line) and transcription at the center of a nucleus (thin red line). (TIF)Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: KI JI. Performed the experiments: DO KI. Analyzed the data: KI DO JI. Wrote the paper: KI DO.
Protein function and activity depends on their structure and stability. Protein structure and stability are affected by various factors, such as the specific cellular environment or binding to particular ligands. For instance, some proteins need the presence of specific metals or small-molecule or protein ligands to get sufficiently stabilised to perform their biological function. Binding proteins may induce structure in proteins that lack structure in isolation such as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Various powerful assays probe structure and stability of proteins. In vitro methods using purified protein include spectroscopic methods such as Circular Dichroism for secondary structure analysis, intrinsic fluorescence for tertiary structure analysis and NMR for residue-specific information. Thermal methods such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) quantitatively determine protein stability and interactions by monitoring changes of enthalpy and entropy. Several strategies probe biophysical parameters in vivo or ex vivo, such as in vivo folding sensors using fluorescent proteins or fluorescent small-molecule tags or ex vivo pulse proteolysis [1?]. Inspired by the versatility of proteolysis as a label-free method, we aimed at developing a fast.
