He period from 1976 to 2018, the reduce of temperature extremes and cold waves, expressed by the ten percentile and 5 percentile of continuous episodes for 5 days or additional, respectively, was shown [176]. 2. Supplies and Solutions A literature search was performed employing electronic databases Net of Science, Pubmed, Science Direct, Histamine dihydrochloride Metabolic Enzyme/Protease Scopus, and e-Library, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published in English and in Russian from 2000 to 2021. Hand searching in the applicable literature was also performed in relevant journals and bibliographies of incorporated studies. Three conceptual categories have been used: “extremely hot weather”, “extremely cold weather”, and “human health”, revealing a total of 189 records. We were searching for the important words “heat wave”, “hot weather”, “high temperature”, and/or “cold wave”, “cold spell”, “coldAtmosphere 2021, 12,five ofweather”, “extremely low temperatures”, and “human health”, “cardiovascular mortality”, “respiratory mortality”, “cardiovascular disease”, “respiratory disease”, “mental health”, or “ambulance calls”, and also looked for studies cited inside the recognized articles. The papers with duplicate and overlapping outcomes had been excluded in the critique and weren’t included into final table placed in the end of the Benefits section. Finally, the search identified 16 studies that have been selected for the critique. We did not impose any restrictions on study style. 3. Results First, it was shown that heat (cold) waves have been mainly defined as periods with abnormally high (low) temperatures in comparison to current values, generally combined with higher humidity (sturdy wind), which have an adverse impact on human body, expressed inside a statistically considerable enhance in mortality or morbidity [69,71,72,9301,10711]. Based on long-term analysis, it was determined that heat (cold) waves incorporate periods with an excess on the 97(three) percentile of your distribution of imply each day temperature in the summer time (winter) months [145,177]. This threshold value is included inside the Methodological Suggestions of Russian Rospotrebnadzor [178]. Additionally for the air temperature measured at a climate station, some papers examined the thermal stress expressed in terms of perceived temperature, i.e., the temperature adjusted for the complicated influence of air humidity, wind, clouds and atmospheric pressure on the human body [179,180]. In papers [99,110,111] the bioclimatic indices such as the Wind-Chill Index (WCI) [181], the Temperature-Humidity Index (HUM) [182], the Apparent Temperature (AT) by Steadman [183], the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) [184], the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) [185], are utilized. It was suggested that to become known as a wave, the period with intense deviations in the chosen indicator ought to final constantly for quite a few consecutive days; based on the duration criterion, the waves have been classified as short (duration from 5 to 7 days) and long (from 8 days and longer) [107,110]. When analyzing temperature waves, additionally to their duration, other indicators had been described: the wave intensity, i.e. the sum of degrees above (under) the base temperature [72]; the “wave fraction” defined as the ratio from the number of days within the wave for the total variety of days with temperatures above (beneath) the temperature threshold, for heat and cold waves, respectively [94,99]; the time shift among the beginning of the wave as well as the effect on the human body because the lagged effect [55,70,97,98,one hundred,101]. In add.
