Cell invasion. The authors have demonstrated that curcumin was in a position to
Cell invasion. The authors have demonstrated that curcumin was in a position to minimize melanoma development against an in vivo melanoma model [209]. Guan and coworkers have reported the antiproliferative and antimetastatic activity of curcumin in breast cancer cells. They concluded that for these cells, curcumin increased AMPkinase phosphorylation leading to a reduction of Akt protein expression and subsequently cell migration suppression [20].Nutrients 206, 8,two ofAnother study has demonstrated that curcumin inhibited cell growth and invasion by means of downregulation of Sphase kinase connected protein 2 (Skp2)pathway in glioma cancer cells. The authors concluded that the suppression of Skp2 activity promotes an upregulation of p57 [23], which acts as an regulator of apoptosis, differentiation and migration in tumorigenesis and its inhibition is related to tumor development [2]. Mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway comprises a family of protein kinases, such as extracellularsignal regulated kinases (ERK), cJun Nterminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. These protein kinases plays an important function inside the regulation of genes involved in cell migration and invasion [22]. Numerous in vitro and in vivo research have reported the antimetastatic activity of resveratrol through downregulation of MAPK pathways against cancers, which include ovarian [23,24], oral [25], breast [26,27], fibrosarcoma [28], hepatocellular carcinoma [29] and osteosarcoma [220]. Aktprotein kinase B (PKB) is yet another important serinethreonine kinase that plays a central function in many signaling pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation and tumorigenesis, including PI3K, PTEN, NF, LKB, TSC2, FOXO and eIF4E [22,222]. Resveratrol happen to be described as an inhibitor on the Akt signaling pathway within a number of human cancer, such as cutaneous melanoma [223], glioblastoma [224], pancreatic [225], and breast [226]. In most instances, the inhibition of this pathway results in a reduction in MMP expression, and consequently inhibition of cancer invasion and metastasis. 3.five. Vascular Endothelial Development Element (VEGF) Kalinski and colleagues have reported the angiogenesis and antimetastatic activity of curcumin in human chondrosarcoma cells. Curcumin inhibited interleukin (IL) signaling by blocking the recruitment of IL receptor associated kinase (IRAK) to the IL receptor. IL plays a central function in inflammatory, immune and malignant processes and its downstream events are linked with activation of NFB and metastasisrelated genes, for example, VEGFA [227]. Curcumin was also described with antimetastatic activity through mice gastric cancer model. The authors reported that curcumin downregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) and its mRNA, prospero homeobox (Prox) and podoplanin. This compound leads to a suppression of lymphatic vessel density, which can be associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer [228]. 3.six. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway The Hedgehog signaling pathway is an important family members of proteins recognized for its importance in a number of cellular events such as, proliferation, survival and differentiation [229]. Cumulative evidence strongly suggests its regulatory impact within the development of 1-Deoxynojirimycin 23373027″ title=View Abstract(s)”>PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23373027 cancer angiogenesis and metastasis by modulating the expression of central proteins and transcription factors involved in cancer invasion, including Snail protein, Ecadherin, angiogenic elements, cyclins, antiapoptotic and apoptotic genes [230,23]. It was demonstrated.
