The slow, spontaneous fluctuations that characterize the blood oxygenation level dependent
The slow, spontaneous fluctuations that characterize the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal. These socalled restingstate functional connectivity MRI (rsfcMRI) analyses have been utilised to map significant polysynaptic cortical networks distributed all through the brain. Even though this method is perhaps most related with efforts to study the brain’s `Default Network’ (Raichle et al 200; Greicius et al 2003; Fox et al 2005), evidence has accumulated from rsfcMRI that there exist other largescale intrinsic neural networks supporting traditional psychological functions including language (Cordes et al 2000; Hampson et al 2002), focus (Fox et al 2006), visual perception (Cordes et al 2000), motor functioning (Biswal et al 995), executive handle (Seeley et al 2007; Vincent et al 2008) and memory (Vincent et al 2006). Extensive cognitive, developmental, neuropsychological and neuroscience literatures demonstrate, having said that, that the brain is just not organized only in terms of domaingeneral psychologicalMedChemExpress PHCCC cognitive distinctions that transcend principal sensory and motor systems (e.g. language, memory,Received 22 December 200; Accepted March 20 Advance Access publication 7 May possibly 20 The authors would like to thank Mark Reddish and Seth Kallman for help in data collection in preparing manuscript tables. The authors would also prefer to thank Steve Gotts, Avniel Ghuman and Pat Bellgowan for valuable s. This function was supported by the National Institute of Mental Overall health Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health. Correspondence needs to be addressed to Kyle Simmons, Laureate Institute for Brain Study, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74363326, USA. E mail: [email protected] Published by Oxford University Press 20 .attention, and so forth.). PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495832 Rather, the brain also features a domainspecific cognitive organization with systems specialized for processing certain classes of facts (Hirschfeld and Gelman, 994; Caramazza and Shelton, 998). Prominently included in the list of domainspecific systems will be the `socialcognitive system’including regions involved in perceiving and being aware of about othersand a program for perceiving and knowing about manipulable objects designed to carry out distinct functionsin other words `tools’ [for critiques see (Caramazza and Shelton, 998; Martin, 2007; Martin and Simmons, 2008)]. Lesion and neuroimaging proof, each in monkeys and humans, supports the existence of dissociable domainspecific socialcognitive and tool systems (Lewis, 2006; Frith, 2007). Importantly, the constituent brain regions inside each and every method appear to shop and represent varieties of data (or properties) that are salient for social agents and tools (Martin, 2007). For example, functional neuroimaging studies normally report that when individuals engage in social cognition, a collection of regions coactivate, including the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) to represent details about biological motion (Beauchamp et al 2002, 2003; Deen and McCarthy, 200; Grossman et al 200), the lateral portion in the fusiform gyrus to represent details about faces and bodies (Puce et al 996; Kanwisher et al 997; Schwarzlose et al 2005; Kanwisher and Yovel, 2006), the posterior cingulate and precuneus to facilitate social viewpoint taking and representation of your self (Cavanna and Trimble, 2006; AndrewsHanna et al 200b), the insula to represent visceralemotive responses to social stimuli (vo.
