Pull-down strategy using a biotin-labeled probe complementary to human miR-16. C) Silver staining and western blotting of pull-down product from human plasma MVs by miR-16 probe. Note that, although both CD63 and Ago2 are expressed in MVs, only Ago2 is associated with miR-16. D) The percentage of individual 166518-60-1 miRNAs that are associated with Ago2 complexes in the MVs isolated from human plasma. ND, not detected. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046957.gmiR-423-5p and miR-21 were located in the MV 
fraction. The vesicular structures of the exosomes not only provide a general protection against RNases, but also deliver the miRNAs into their target cells with high efficiency. However, recent studies also showed that the majority of circulating miRNAs, including miR16, were not associated with cell-derived microvesicles [18,19]. In addition, they found that these MV-free miRNAs were also associated with Ago2 complexes and thus were RNaseA-resistant. Based on their results, these Ago2-associated miRNAs in the MVfree plasma may be passively leaked from broken cells or directlyreleased from living cells via a protein-mediated secretion pathway. However, there is no evidence for the Ago2-mediated direct secretion of miRNAs from living cells. The different results regarding the distribution of circulating miRNA inside or outside the MVs may be due to the differences in various experimental procedures. Sequential ultracentrifugation or cell fractionation assays might cause the breakage of miRNAs from the MVs. Nevertheless, our results did not exclude the possibility that certain circulating miRNAs may primarily exist in an MV-free form.Figure 3. Ago2-associated miR-16 is highly resistant to RNaseA. A) Equal amounts of Ago2-associated miR-16 and protein-free, synthetic, SPDB chemical information mature miR-16 were treated with 20 mg/ml RNase A or 20 mg/ml RNaseA plus 100 mg/ml PK for various lengths of time. The Ago2 complex-associated miR-16 was obtained by immunoprecipitation using an anti-Ago2 antibody. B) Equal amounts of Ago2-associated miR-16 and protein-free, synthetic, mature miR-16 were treated with various concentrations of RNaseA or RNaseA plus 100 mg/ml PK for 30 min. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046957.gAgo2 Complexes Protect Secreted miRNAsFigure 4. Decrease of the stability of the miRNAs in MVs by disrupting the association of the miRNA with Ago2 complexes. A) HeLa cells were treated with or without 8 mM TPF for 2 days and the MVs were collected from the culture supernatant. The levels of total miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223, miR-320b and Ago2 complex-associated miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223, miR-320b in the MVs were assessed by qRT-PCR. B) The resistance of miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223 and miR-320b in MVs with/without TPF treatment against RNaseA. The degradation assay of MV-encapsulated miRNAs was performed as the following two ways: treatment with a) 0.1 Triton X-100 (TX-100) for 5 min and then 20 mg/ml RNaseA for 30 min at 37uC, or b) 0.1 TX-100 for 5 min, then 100 mg/ml proteinase K (PK) for 2 h, followed by 95uC inactivated for 15 min, and then 20 mg/ml RNaseA for 30 min. *, p,0.05; **, p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046957.gBesides the general protection provided by MVs, our data clearly indicate that secreted miRNAs in MVs are protected by Ago2 complexes to various degrees. Interestingly, we found that not all of the miRNAs in the MVs were associated with the Ago2 complexes, and different miRNAs were associated with the Ago2 complexes to different degrees. Therefore, the pr.Pull-down strategy using a biotin-labeled probe complementary to human miR-16. C) Silver staining and western blotting of pull-down product from human plasma MVs by miR-16 probe. Note that, although both CD63 and Ago2 are expressed in MVs, only Ago2 is associated with miR-16. D) The percentage of individual miRNAs that are associated with Ago2 complexes in the MVs isolated from human plasma. ND, not detected. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046957.gmiR-423-5p and miR-21 were located in the MV fraction. The vesicular structures of the exosomes not only provide a general protection against RNases, but also deliver the miRNAs into their target cells with high efficiency. However, recent studies also showed that the majority of circulating miRNAs, including miR16, were not associated with cell-derived microvesicles [18,19]. In addition, they found that these MV-free miRNAs were also associated with Ago2 complexes and thus were RNaseA-resistant. Based on their results, these Ago2-associated miRNAs in the MVfree plasma may be passively leaked from broken cells or directlyreleased from living cells via a protein-mediated secretion pathway. However, there is no evidence for the Ago2-mediated direct secretion of miRNAs from living cells. The different results regarding the distribution of circulating miRNA inside or outside the MVs may be due to the differences in various experimental procedures. Sequential ultracentrifugation or cell fractionation assays might cause the breakage of miRNAs from the MVs. Nevertheless, our results did not exclude the possibility that certain circulating miRNAs may primarily exist in an MV-free form.Figure 3. Ago2-associated miR-16 is highly resistant to RNaseA. A) Equal amounts of Ago2-associated miR-16 and protein-free, synthetic, mature miR-16 were treated with 20 mg/ml RNase A or 20 mg/ml RNaseA plus 100 mg/ml PK for various lengths of time. The Ago2 complex-associated miR-16 was obtained by immunoprecipitation using an anti-Ago2 antibody. B) Equal amounts of Ago2-associated miR-16 and protein-free, synthetic, mature miR-16 were treated with various concentrations of RNaseA or RNaseA plus 100 mg/ml PK for 30 min. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046957.gAgo2 Complexes Protect Secreted miRNAsFigure 4. Decrease of the stability of the miRNAs in MVs by disrupting the association of the miRNA with Ago2 complexes. A) HeLa cells were treated with or without 8 mM TPF for 2 days and the MVs were collected from the culture supernatant. The levels of total miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223, miR-320b and Ago2 complex-associated miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223, miR-320b in the MVs were assessed by qRT-PCR. B) The resistance of miR-16, miR-30a, miR-223 and miR-320b in MVs with/without TPF treatment against RNaseA. The degradation assay of MV-encapsulated miRNAs was performed as the following two ways: treatment with a) 0.1 Triton X-100 (TX-100) for 5 min and then 20 mg/ml RNaseA for 30 min at 37uC, or b) 0.1 TX-100 for 5 min, then 100 mg/ml proteinase K (PK) for 2 h, followed by 95uC inactivated for 15 min, and then 20 mg/ml RNaseA for 30 min. *, p,0.05; **, p,0.01. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046957.gBesides the general protection provided by MVs, our data clearly indicate that secreted miRNAs in MVs are protected by Ago2 complexes to various degrees. Interestingly, we found that not all of the miRNAs in the MVs 
were associated with the Ago2 complexes, and different miRNAs were associated with the Ago2 complexes to different degrees. Therefore, the pr.
