3.88 3.80 2.77 2.68 4.48 4.13 37.40 5.53 3.61 3.11 3.24 SD 1.02 1.11 .92 1.30 1.04 1.24 1.16 1.01 .96 1.68 1.37 1.02 1.36 1.32 .77 1.19 1.30 1.76 1.16 11.79 .94 1.82 1.82 1.77 BSF .49*** .85*** .55*** -.72*** .50*** .63*** .58*** .63*** .20** .13* -.06 .41*** -.27*** -.12 .31*** .32*** .29*** .21*** -.10 -.10 .09 .06 .12* BL .88*** .47*** -.54*** .31*** .56*** .35*** .59*** -.00 -.05 -.13* .20*** -.38*** -.11 .16** .23*** .23*** .16** -.01 -.08 .07 -.06 .08 Anomie .59*** -.73*** .46*** .69*** .54*** .71*** .10 .04 -.11 .35*** -.36*** -.13* .26*** .32*** .30*** .20** -.06 -.10 .08 -.04 .BSF, P144MedChemExpress P144 Peptide breakdown of social fabric; BL, breakdown of DalfopristinMedChemExpress RP54476 leadership. *at p < .05 ** at p < .01 *** at p < .001. Note. The Big-Five scale has only two items to measure each factor and this is probably the primary reason why the internal consistencies for the separate factors were rather low. It should be noted that the original Gosling et al.'s [98] paper warns against diminished reliability of this very short scale. Given that our primary interest is not personality assessment, we analyzed and reported the composite of the two items. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370.tfrom Srole's anomie scale, Agnew's anomie scale, collective helplessness and hopelessness, dangerous and threatening worldview, and cohesion. The measure of societal unease and dangerous worldview did not load on a distinct factor, but did not solely load with PAS. The results of the factor analyses confirm that PAS is distinct from other anomie measures or theoretically related constructs. Regarding discriminant validity, the results showed that PAS was distinct from theoretically unrelated measures. There was a non-significant relationship between PAS and collective angst about the threat posed by outsiders (r = .10, p = .117). Furthermore, PAS was not correlated with social dominance orientation (r = .04, p = .560) and individual difference measure such as perfectionism (r = -.11, p = .058). The results also showed that PAS moderately and positively correlated with pessimism (r = .35, p < .001) and negatively with belief in a just world (r = -.36, p < .001). PAS had low and negative correlation with emotional stability (r = -.13, p = .027) and low to moderate positive correlations with extraversion (r = .26, p < .001), conscientiousness (r = .32, p < .001), agreeableness (r = .30, p < .001), and openness to experience (r = .20,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,12 /Measuring Anomiep = .001). Finally, anomie was not related to gender (r = -.09, p = .129), age (r = -.06, p = .362), education (r = -.10, p = .097), political orientation (r = -.04, p = .578; r = .08, p = .179 in economy and social issues respectively, ranging from left to right political ideology), or voting preference (r = .09, p = .137). The result of discriminant validity suggests that anomie is not simply the product of individual differences such as the tendency to dislike imperfect situations, the belief in a just world or the tendency to experience negative emotion.DiscussionStudy 2c provides further evidence for the convergent validity of PAS and novel evidence for its discriminant validity. We replicated the result of Studies 2a-2b, showing significant relationships between PAS and collective helplessness and hopelessness, dangerous and threatening worldview, and social cohesion. We also found that PAS was significantly related to established measures of anomie that conflate the measurement of anomie with its.3.88 3.80 2.77 2.68 4.48 4.13 37.40 5.53 3.61 3.11 3.24 SD 1.02 1.11 .92 1.30 1.04 1.24 1.16 1.01 .96 1.68 1.37 1.02 1.36 1.32 .77 1.19 1.30 1.76 1.16 11.79 .94 1.82 1.82 1.77 BSF .49*** .85*** .55*** -.72*** .50*** .63*** .58*** .63*** .20** .13* -.06 .41*** -.27*** -.12 .31*** .32*** .29*** .21*** -.10 -.10 .09 .06 .12* BL .88*** .47*** -.54*** .31*** .56*** .35*** .59*** -.00 -.05 -.13* .20*** -.38*** -.11 .16** .23*** .23*** .16** -.01 -.08 .07 -.06 .08 Anomie .59*** -.73*** .46*** .69*** .54*** .71*** .10 .04 -.11 .35*** -.36*** -.13* .26*** .32*** .30*** .20** -.06 -.10 .08 -.04 .BSF, breakdown of social fabric; BL, breakdown of leadership. *at p < .05 ** at p < .01 *** at p < .001. Note. The Big-Five scale has only two items to measure each factor and this is probably the primary reason why the internal consistencies for the separate factors were rather low. It should be noted that the original Gosling et al.'s [98] paper warns against diminished reliability of this very short scale. Given that our primary interest is not personality assessment, we analyzed and reported the composite of the two items. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370.tfrom Srole's anomie scale, Agnew's anomie scale, collective helplessness and hopelessness, dangerous and threatening worldview, and cohesion. The measure of societal unease and dangerous worldview did not load on a distinct factor, but did not solely load with PAS. The results of the factor analyses confirm that PAS is distinct from other anomie measures or theoretically related constructs. Regarding discriminant validity, the results showed that PAS was distinct from theoretically unrelated measures. There was a non-significant relationship between PAS and collective angst about the threat posed by outsiders (r = .10, p = .117). Furthermore, PAS was not correlated with social dominance orientation (r = .04, p = .560) and individual difference measure such as perfectionism (r = -.11, p = .058). The results also showed that PAS moderately and positively correlated with pessimism (r = .35, p < .001) and negatively with belief in a just world (r = -.36, p < .001). PAS had low and negative correlation with emotional stability (r = -.13, p = .027) and low to moderate positive correlations with extraversion (r = .26, p < .001), conscientiousness (r = .32, p < .001), agreeableness (r = .30, p < .001), and openness to experience (r = .20,PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158370 July 6,12 /Measuring Anomiep = .001). Finally, anomie was not related to gender (r = -.09, p = .129), age (r = -.06, p = .362), education (r = -.10, p = .097), political orientation (r = -.04, p = .578; r = .08, p = .179 in economy and social issues respectively, ranging from left to right political ideology), or voting preference (r = .09, p = .137). The result of discriminant validity suggests that anomie is not simply the product of individual differences such as the tendency to dislike imperfect situations, the belief in a just world or the tendency to experience negative emotion.DiscussionStudy 2c provides further evidence for the convergent validity of PAS and novel evidence for its discriminant validity. We replicated the result of Studies 2a-2b, showing significant relationships between PAS and collective helplessness and hopelessness, dangerous and threatening worldview, and social cohesion. We also found that PAS was significantly related to established measures of anomie that conflate the measurement of anomie with its.
