S old) and incorporated 75 female and 25 males. The sample was raciallyethnically
S old) and integrated 75 female and 25 males. The sample was raciallyethnically diverse with 50 Caucasian, 34 African American, 9 Asian, three Hispanic, and 3 other raceethnicity students. Measures Exposure to reallife violenceThe Community Experiences Questionnaire (Schwartz and Proctor 2000) assessed lifetime exposure to violence. The measure involves four products assessing witnessing violence (e.g “How many times have you seen somebody else get hit, punched, or slapped”) and items assessing victimization (e.g “How numerous times has somebody broken in or attempted to force their way into your home”). Items had been rated from 0 (under no circumstances) to three (lots of times). Aspect analysis on the measure indicated the presence of a single issue, so all 25 things had been summed for an overall measure of exposure to reallife violence (.87). Exposure to media violenceExposure to media violence was measured with four products. Two items inquired about the quantity of time spent watching tv and movies (“How numerous hours per week do you spend watching KDM5A-IN-1 price TVmovies”) and two things assessed the frequency of violent content in every single medium (“How generally do the Tv showsmovies you watch show physical fighting, shooting, or killing”). The initial two items have been rated on a sixpoint scale from `no time’ (0) to ‘5 or more hours per week’ (five). The two media violence items were rated on a scale from (almost in no way) to 4 (pretty much usually), or 0 (I never engage within this activity). Constant with other research of media violence (Funk et al. 2004; Huesmann et al. 984), the amount of time spent watching Tv or motion pictures was multiplied by the degree of violence reported for that medium as well as the two merchandise were summed to yield an overall score of exposure to violent Television and film content. PTSD symptomsThe PTSD Checklist Civilian version (Weathers et al. 994) is often a selfreport measure of traumatic symptoms. The 7 things assess DSM IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD across 3 symptom clusters: intrusions (e.g “Repeated, disturbing dreams of a stressful experience”), avoidance (e.g “Avoiding activities or conditions since theyAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Youth Adolesc. Author manuscript; offered in PMC 206 May possibly 0.Mrug et al.Pagereminded you of a stressful experience”), and arousal (e.g “Feeling jumpy or simply startled”). Participants rated just how much each symptom bothered them the last month on a fivepoint scale from (not PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28515341 at all) to 5 (exceptionally). All items were averaged to yield a international measure of PTSD symptomatology (.87). EmpathyEmpathy was measured with 3 subscales on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, a multidimensional measure of empathy (Davis 980). The Empathic Concern scale contains seven things that assess feelings of concern and sympathy for others in distress, or emotional empathy (e.g “I often have tender, concerned feelings for persons much less fortunate than me”). The sevenitem Viewpoint Taking scale measures the potential to understand others’ points of view, or cognitive empathy (e.g “I believe that you will discover two sides to every single question and try and look at them both”). Finally, the seven products around the Fantasy scale assess daydreaming and emotional identification with fictional characters in movies, books and plays (e.g “I genuinely get involved together with the feelings on the characters in a novel”). All products have been rated on a fivepoint scale from (doesn’t describe me effectively) to 5 (describes me properly), reverse coded as required, and averaged (.75 for Empathic Concern, .77 for Persp.
