Lar clearance of P. aeruginosa in vivo [34,36,44?7]. Each of these protective effects could help provide enhanced defense of the ocular surface from infection during dry eye disease, more so if combined with antimicrobial and anti-adhesive actions of other innate defenses, e.g. defensins and mucins respectively [41,48,49]. In our study, enhanced SP-D expression in ocular surface washes of dry eye mice correlated with reduced numbers of viable bacteria in those washes. However, Argipressin further studies will be needed to determine the relative role(s) of SP-D, and other ocular surface antimicrobial defenses that are likely to be upregulated, in removing P. aeruginosa from the ocular surface under the dry eye conditions in this model. The mechanism for SP-D upregulation in ocular washes of EDE mice is not yet known. We have previously shown that P. aeruginosa flagellin and LPS antigens can each upregulate SP-D production and secretion in corneal epithelial cells, the latter through a mechanism involving JNK [35]. However, upregulation in dry eye mice occurred before bacterial inoculation. Thus, other facets of dry eye disease must trigger increased SP-D expression at the ocular surface. Mechanisms of SP-D expression and upregulation in various mammalian cells are complex and incompletely understood [35,50,51]. However, dry eye disease 16985061 in murine models or humans is known to involve increased expression ofFigure 4. Effect of EDE on P. aeruginosa corneal colonization in SP-D knockout mice. Corneal colonization by P. aeruginosa in normal Black Swiss mice (A) or SP-D deficient age/sex-matched Black Swiss mice (B) under normal (NC) and experimental dry eye (EDE) conditions. After 5 days EDE induction, otherwise uninjured corneas were challenged with 109 cfu of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 (T = 0). EDE did not affect bacterial colonization in wild-type mice after 6 h. However, EDE in SP-D knockout mice (sp-d 2/2) resulted in a ,5-fold increase in corneal colonization after 6 h. Data shown is representative of two independent experiments with SP-D-deficient Black Swiss mice (n 5 animals per group). P values were obtained using the Mann-Whitney Test. Data for each sample are shown as the median (black square) with upper and lower quartiles (boxed area), and range of the data (error bars). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065797.gDry Eye Disease and Defense against P. aeruginosaproinflammatory mediators such as IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and involve MAP kinase signaling proteins including JNK [22,52?4]. SP-D is also known as an immuno-modulator with sp-d knockout mice showing enhanced inflammatory-mediated tissue pathology in the cornea and other animal infection models [47,55]. It is possible, therefore, that increased SP-D expression in EDE occurs in response to ocular inflammation, and that it functions to modulate those responses and MK8931 manufacturer protect against bacterial challenge. Two different mouse strains were used in this study (C57BL/6 and Black Swiss). We are unaware of any differences in SP-D expression between these and other mouse strains. Black Swiss mice show a bias towards Th2 responses, and a SP-D knockout mouse in that strain could show greater Th2 responsiveness, as shown in models of lung allergy [56]. It has been also shown that BALB/c mice (which also show a TH2 bias) produce lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and display less severe changes in goblet cell density under EDE conditions compared to C57BL/6 mice which have a TH1 bias [57]. However, further stu.Lar clearance of P. aeruginosa in vivo [34,36,44?7]. Each of these protective effects could help provide enhanced defense of the ocular surface from infection during dry eye disease, more so if combined with antimicrobial and anti-adhesive actions of other innate defenses, e.g. defensins and mucins respectively [41,48,49]. In our study, enhanced SP-D expression in ocular surface washes of dry eye mice correlated with reduced numbers of viable bacteria in those washes. However, further studies will be needed to determine the relative role(s) of SP-D, and other ocular surface antimicrobial defenses that are likely to be upregulated, in removing P. aeruginosa from the ocular surface under the dry eye conditions in this model. The mechanism for SP-D upregulation in ocular washes of EDE mice is not yet known. We have previously shown that P. aeruginosa flagellin and LPS antigens can each upregulate SP-D production and secretion in corneal epithelial cells, the latter through a mechanism involving JNK [35]. However, upregulation in dry eye mice occurred before bacterial inoculation. Thus, other facets of dry eye disease must trigger increased SP-D expression at the ocular surface. Mechanisms of SP-D expression and upregulation in various mammalian cells are complex and incompletely understood [35,50,51]. However, dry eye disease 16985061 in murine models or humans is known to involve increased expression ofFigure 4. Effect of EDE on P. aeruginosa corneal colonization in SP-D knockout mice. Corneal colonization by P. aeruginosa in normal Black Swiss mice (A) or SP-D deficient age/sex-matched Black Swiss mice (B) under normal (NC) and experimental dry eye (EDE) conditions. After 5 days EDE induction, otherwise uninjured corneas were challenged with 109 cfu of P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 (T = 0). EDE did not affect bacterial colonization in wild-type mice after 6 h. However, EDE in SP-D knockout mice (sp-d 2/2) resulted in a ,5-fold increase in corneal colonization after 6 h. Data shown is representative of two independent experiments with SP-D-deficient Black Swiss mice (n 5 animals per group). P values were obtained using the Mann-Whitney Test. Data for each sample are shown as the median (black square) with upper and lower quartiles (boxed area), and range of the data (error bars). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065797.gDry Eye Disease and Defense against P. aeruginosaproinflammatory mediators such as IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, and involve MAP kinase signaling proteins including JNK [22,52?4]. SP-D is also known as an immuno-modulator with sp-d knockout mice showing enhanced inflammatory-mediated tissue pathology in the cornea and other animal infection models [47,55]. It is possible, therefore, that increased SP-D expression in EDE occurs in response to ocular inflammation, and that it functions to modulate those responses and protect against bacterial challenge. Two different mouse strains were used in this study (C57BL/6 and Black Swiss). We are unaware of any differences in SP-D expression between these and other mouse strains. Black Swiss mice show a bias towards Th2 responses, and a SP-D knockout mouse in that strain could show greater Th2 responsiveness, as shown in models of lung allergy [56]. It has been also shown that BALB/c mice (which also show a TH2 bias) produce lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and display less severe changes in goblet cell density under EDE conditions compared to C57BL/6 mice which have a TH1 bias [57]. However, further stu.
