Of BMAL1 protein levels at 4-hour intervals in cultures (n = 4?) of mPer2Luc SCN cells transfected with pEZX-MR04 control miRNA expression vector (CONT) or pEZX-MR04 miR-142 expression vector (miR-142). The plotted values represent the relative optical density (mean 6 SEM) and correspond to the ratios of BMAL1/bactin immunoreactive signal in each sample. The asterisk indicates that the peak in BMAL1 protein levels at 20 hr was significantly greater (p,0.05) than that observed during succeeding minima. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065300.gties and timekeeping function of core clock genes. In NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, overexpression of the miR-192/194 cluster represses the 39 UTRs of Per1, Per2 and Per3 and shortens the circadian period of the Bmal1 mRNA rhythm [25]. The current study provides the first evidence for the role of miRNAs in the regulation of specific clock genes and their cyclical modulation in the master pacemaker of mammalian circadian rhythms. Similar to many of its endogenous biological processes, SCN expression of miR-1423p fluctuates rhythmically and circadian regulation of this miRNA is INCB-039110 custom synthesis dependent on the integrity of the molecular clockworks. In addition, miR-142-3p modulates Bmal1 expression in the mouse SCN and plays a role in the circadian control of this clock gene as over-expression abolishes the rhythm in BMAL1 protein accumulation. Because Bmal1 is widely expressed and rhythmically regulated in most cells and tissues throughout the body [39], miR-142-3p may play a similar modulatory role in the posttranscriptional regulation of core molecular components in peripheral clocks. The phase relationship between miR-142-3p and Bmal1 rhythms in the SCN is compatible with our evidence for the function of this miRNA as a post-transcriptional repressor of Bmal1. In the SCN, miR-142-3p levels reached peak values during the early subjective day when Bmal1 expression was low. In conjunction with evidence that miR-142-3p is a bona-fide clockcontrolled gene, the localization of a conserved, canonical E-box (CANNTG) element ,1.5 kb upstream of the miR-142 locus Linolenic acid methyl ester cost suggests that its clock gene target may feed back and positively regulate the transcription of this miRNA through the formation of CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer complexes. Based on the observation that CLOCK-BMAL1 abundance fluctuates in the mouse SCN with peak levels occurring at CT 0 [37], it appears that the putative timing of these positive transcriptional regulatory complexes is appropriately phased in advance of the zenith in SCN miR-142-3p expression at CT 3. Relative to other miRNAtarget relationships, miR-142-3p and Bmal1 are thus unique because the miRNA represses its target gene but the target also drives expression of the miRNA. In mammals, the activity of miRNAs as post-transcriptional repressors is primarily dependent on conserved complementarity between 39 UTR elements of the target mRNA and 7-8mer sites in the seed region comprising nucleotides 2? of the miRNA [33,40,41]. In the Bmal1 39 UTR, nucleotides 1? are complementary to seed region of miR-142-3p. Consistent with the predicted significance of seed region interactions in functional mRNA iRNA 23977191 pairing, deletion of the first seven nucleotides in the Bmal1 39 UTR abated miR-142-3p-mediated repression by ,50 . In addition to this portion of the 39 UTR, deletion of a highly conserved, canonical miRNA recognition element (MRE) at nucleotides 335?57 encompassing an octamer complementary to the seed region of miR-142-3p al.Of BMAL1 protein levels at 4-hour intervals in cultures (n = 4?) of mPer2Luc SCN cells transfected with pEZX-MR04 control miRNA expression vector (CONT) or pEZX-MR04 miR-142 expression vector (miR-142). The plotted values represent the relative optical density (mean 6 SEM) and correspond to the ratios of BMAL1/bactin immunoreactive signal in each sample. The asterisk indicates that the peak in BMAL1 protein levels at 20 hr was significantly greater (p,0.05) than that observed during succeeding minima. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065300.gties and timekeeping function of core clock genes. In NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, overexpression of the miR-192/194 cluster represses the 39 UTRs of Per1, Per2 and Per3 and shortens the circadian period of the Bmal1 mRNA rhythm [25]. The current study provides the first evidence for the role of miRNAs in the regulation of specific clock genes and their cyclical modulation in the master pacemaker of mammalian circadian rhythms. Similar to many of its endogenous biological processes, SCN expression of miR-1423p fluctuates rhythmically and circadian regulation of this miRNA is dependent on the integrity of the molecular clockworks. In addition, miR-142-3p modulates Bmal1 expression in the mouse SCN and plays a role in the circadian control of this clock gene as over-expression abolishes the rhythm in BMAL1 protein accumulation. Because Bmal1 is widely expressed and rhythmically regulated in most cells and tissues throughout the body [39], miR-142-3p may play a similar modulatory role in the posttranscriptional regulation of core molecular components in peripheral clocks. The phase relationship between miR-142-3p and Bmal1 rhythms in the SCN is compatible with our evidence for the function of this miRNA as a post-transcriptional repressor of Bmal1. In the SCN, miR-142-3p levels reached peak values during the early subjective day when Bmal1 expression was low. In conjunction with evidence that miR-142-3p is a bona-fide clockcontrolled gene, the localization of a conserved, canonical E-box (CANNTG) element ,1.5 kb upstream of the miR-142 locus suggests that its clock gene target may feed back and positively regulate the transcription of this miRNA through the formation of CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer complexes. Based on the observation that CLOCK-BMAL1 abundance fluctuates in the mouse SCN with peak levels occurring at CT 0 [37], it appears that the putative timing of these positive transcriptional regulatory complexes is appropriately phased in advance of the zenith in SCN miR-142-3p expression at CT 3. Relative to other miRNAtarget relationships, miR-142-3p and Bmal1 are thus unique because the miRNA represses its target gene but the target also drives expression of the miRNA. In mammals, the activity of miRNAs as post-transcriptional repressors is primarily dependent on conserved complementarity between 39 UTR elements of the target mRNA and 7-8mer sites in the seed region comprising nucleotides 2? of the miRNA [33,40,41]. In the Bmal1 39 UTR, nucleotides 1? are complementary to seed region of miR-142-3p. Consistent with the predicted significance of seed region interactions in functional mRNA iRNA 23977191 pairing, deletion of the first seven nucleotides in the Bmal1 39 UTR abated miR-142-3p-mediated repression by ,50 . In addition to this portion of the 39 UTR, deletion of a highly conserved, canonical miRNA recognition element (MRE) at nucleotides 335?57 encompassing an octamer complementary to the seed region of miR-142-3p al.
